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https://www.925-1000.com/Frussia.html
A Brief Overview of Russian Hallmarking. Russian standardized hallmarking, as we know it today, stems from a 1700 ukaz or decree of Tsar Peter the Great (1672-1725). While in the process of reforming the Russian monetary system, Tsar Peter I's silver assay charter fixed the production of silversmiths to four standard silver purities: 96, 90, 84 and 62 zolotniki.
https://www.marks4antiques.com/How-to-identify-Russian-silver-marks.htm
Russian silver marks & hallmarks were officially registered and diligently enforced. In addition to their function as a Tax revenue system on precious metals, these marks on silver or gold and jewelry have now become the primary clues to identify their maker, age, and exact place of origin.
http://www.silvercollection.it/bisrussiansilverhallmarks.html
55 rows · a selection of marks used in Imperial Russia on silver, enamel silver, niello silver, ...
https://www.925-1000.com/Frussia_makers_A_r.html
Russian Gold and Silver - Alexander von Solodkoff; Trefoil Books, 1981 Russian Silver - Andrei Gilodo; Beresta Moscow, 1993 Znaki srebra do lat 40. dwudziestego wieku w Polsce - Sławomir Bołdok; Mako Press, 2005 925-1000.com Silver Marks Forum - various member posts, 2005-2013 • • •
http://www.silvercollection.it/russiansilverhallmark.html
Converting the Russian marks to sterling values, we obtain the following comparisons in silver purity degree: 84 zol. = 875/1000. 88 zol. = 916,6/1000. 91 zol. = 947,9/1000. main page. silversmith's hallmarks. assayer's marks. town marks. artels.
http://www.silvercollection.it/russiansilverhallmark1B.html
The mark on the top signifies that the item was reassayed, workerŽs head with hammer in use 1927-54, 916/1000 silver content. The first mark bottom left, "P in circle", is the mark for "restaurated goods", in use 1951; the second mark on the bottom from left is the mark of Moskowskaja Juwelirnaja Fabrika = Moscow Jewelers Fabrik.
https://www.925-1000.com/Frussia_makers_A.html
Sources: Золотое и серебряное дело XV-ХХ вв - M.M. Postnikova-Loseva, Ivanova, Uljanova; Nauka, 1983 Russian Gold and Silver - Alexander von Solodkoff; Trefoil Books, 1981 Russian Silver - Andrei Gilodo; Beresta Moscow, 1993 Znaki srebra do lat 40. dwudziestego wieku w Polsce - Sławomir Bołdok; Mako Press, 2005 925-1000.com Silver Marks Forum - various member posts ...
https://www.therussianstore.com/silver-jewelry.html
Some common marks are: .950 – Silver items with this mark often come from Japan or France..925 – Most commonly used in US, UK, Australia, and Mexico..900 – All early American silver is .900 or the so-called "coin silver"..875 – This mark was used in the Soviet Union and the Baltic States..830 – Commonly used in Scandinavian countries.
https://www.acsilver.co.uk/acsnews/2015/11/20/russian-silver/
Nov 20, 2015 · Once the new system was adopted in 1899, a uniform mark was used to hallmark Russian silver. The kokoshnik (the traditional woman’s headdress) is now the symbol for silver, followed again by the metal standard in zolotniks. Prior to 1908 the symbol faced to the left, however any silver produced after this year will depict the face to the right.
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