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https://www.mygoldguide.in/understanding-gold-hallmarking-standards-european-countries
3 rows · May 21, 2018 · Gold hallmarking has since then been a pre-requisite for all gold items meant for public sale. ...
https://ourpastimes.com/european-gold-hallmark-identification-6639141.html
Apr 12, 2017 · Hallmarks have been used in England and France as indicators of the purity or quality of precious metal items since the 14th century, and most other European countries use hallmarks as well. Gold hallmarks guarantee the gold content of jewelry, and the hallmark on your antique jewelry item can also can give an authentication expert clues about the country of its origin and date of manufacture.
http://www.silvercollection.it/dictionaryEUHALLMARK.html
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES SILVER AND GOLD HALLMARKS A silver or gold object that is to be sold commercially is, in most countries, stamped with one or more hallmarks indicating the purity of the metal and the mark of the manufacturer or silversmith Other marks can indicate the date of manufacture and additional information about the piece.
https://www.gold.org/about-gold/about-gold-jewellery/gold-hallmarks
Hallmarking gold jewellery was Europe's earliest form of consumer protection, dating back to King Louis IX of France and Edward I of England in the 1200s. As craft guilds arose in these two dominant markets of Middle Ages Europe, state-appointed assayers examined precious metal goods.
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